Obesity Related Lung Diseases

Obesity-Related Lung Disease

The obesity epidemic is a global problem, which is set to increase over time. However, the effects of obesity on the respiratory system are often underappreciated. In this review, we will discuss the mechanical effects of obesity on lung physiology and the function of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ producing systemic inflammation and effecting central respiratory control. Obesity plays a key role in the development of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Asthma is more common and often harder to treat in the obese population, and in this study, we review the effects of obesity on airway inflammation and respiratory mechanics. We also discuss the compounding effects of obesity on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the paradoxical interaction of body mass index and COPD severity. Many practical challenges exist in caring for obese patients, and we highlight the complications faced by patients undergoing surgical procedures, especially given the increased use of bariatric surgery.

Consequences of Obesity

Health Consequences People who have obesity, compared to those with a healthy weight, are at increased risk for many serious diseases and health conditions, including the following:5,6,7 All-causes of death (mortality) High blood pressure (hypertension) High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high levels of triglycerides (Dyslipidemia) Type 2 diabetes Coronary heart disease Stroke Gallbladder disease Osteoarthritis (a breakdown of cartilage and bone within a joint) Sleep apnea and breathing problems Many types of cancers external icon Low quality of life Mental illness such as clinical depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders8,9 Body pain and difficulty with physical functioning.

Impact of obesity on respiratory physiology

Obesity leads to alterations in respiratory mechanics, airway resistance, pattern of breathing, respiratory drive, and gas exchange.18,19 These changes are thought to be due to the increased elastic load posed by excess weight on the thorax and abdomen, increased pulmonary blood volume, and ventilation–perfusion mismatch.

Conclusion

The obese individuals demonstrated reduced lung volumes and capacities when compared to normal-weight individuals. Reduction in total lung capacity and forced vital capacity, accompanied by reduced forced expiratory volume after one second were the most representative findings among the samples, both suggesting the presence of a restrictive respiratory pattern associated with obesity. Consequently, it is necessary to implement healthcare programs for this population, with the purpose of improving lung function and therefore improving quality of life of obese individuals. Although the investigations demonstrated the presence of lung alterations in the obese population, the physiological mechanisms that lead to such a situation are still not clear. Therefore, we suggest that more studies be carried out with the objective of clarifying them.

Dr Kedarnath dewangan MBBS, MD pulmonologist from medical college, Indore, M.P. Total Experience 8Years.

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